Indian Societies: Gender roles in the Ramayana Essay

In the early patriarchal era of the Ramayana, men dominated over the Indian societies. All areas of social prominence were entirely run by men in the form of warriors, priests and tribal chiefs. Women had very little or no power at all in the political and public arena. They were raised to look after their families as well as being dutiful wives. Women had the task of being loyal, faithful, loving and compassionate towards their husbands. Individual families were normally set up on a â€Å"Male authority† basis, with the husband and father determining fundamental conditions and making the key decisions for their well being. Women’s main role in society was that of influencing their family by providing love and affection to their husbands and children while the man was in charge of satisfying his family’s needs. Male oriented societal values allowed little or no space for women to express their interests and be influential in their everyday lives. Women were traditionally expected to serve their husbands and to have no autonomous interests. Only men could be rulers and leaders in the patriarchal society where the story of the Ramayana developed. Rama once said on his designation as prince regent: â€Å"Mother, my father has appointed me to the task of protecting the people† (Mack 584). This passage clearly illustrates how power was transferred from father to son in order to provide for the people’s needs and for the community as a whole. Rama then as a leader of society must enforce values among others and express his desire to bring remarkable attributes to the people that surround him. â€Å"Sovereignty falls to your share, too, for you are my second self† (585). The need for a sovereign ruler is thus expressed among the community and desired for all individuals in the society. Women were projected as passive victims of the male-ruled system in which they were trapped. Females were responsible for the well being of the family as a whole. Women were raised with a limited perception of their role and placement in the community. To be a respectful and a good house wife meant for these women to shed themselves of any ambitions and desires they might dream of. They had to conform to what was expected from them, which was to â€Å"have no identity besides being a wife or a mother† (Qazi). If they did not conform that way, they were subject to indignity while treated as mere  objects whose main role was to tempt men into sin. History has proven that women were alienated if they did not conform according to what was expected of them. These kinds of women were stereotyped as villains or perceived as being tainted. Men were perceived as being in a role of power, no matter how large their families were. They were brought up with the belief that they were the sole providers for the family. Their failure to perform as it was expected from them led the family into constant perish. Males were in charge of many aspects of society including: making decisions for the community, serving as spiritual guiders, choosing leaders and maintaining an equitable place to live in. Men often made decisions and enforced those decisions upon the family. As Raghunathan noted in his work, â€Å"Men lead and women follow†. Women had no chance but to agree to the male’s decisions they imposed to women. The fact that they were born males gave them an advantage over women in the way that they could achieve anything they wanted and become anything they desired. Men were highly valued and respected if they possessed certain values and ideals within the society. They were educated and trained to be ambitious and to have idealistic values, which were admirable in this specific society. On the other hand, women were taught to shed any ambitions and ideas they may have for themselves. The characteristics valued in men were not valued in women; on the contrary, these characteristics in women were disapproved because of the male-ruled system of the time. â€Å"Patriarchy leads to gender inequality in society† (Seeger). Eventually this could lead these women to become isolated from society since they were not allowed to perform the same tasks and duties as men. Women then, had to rely on the love and devotion they would bring to the family while having other interests and aspirations. In conclusion, the male and female roles in the Ramayana were pre-established by the rigorous society in which the story developed. Males had certain expectations they had to fulfill such as being rulers and leaders in order to be good men. Females, on the other hand, were limited to being faithful  to their husbands while expressing their love for the family. Each had a role in society that they could not differ from due to extreme moral valuation. Men were to become the best warriors and to desire power through leadership; women were to become good mothers and proper wives with no intent or desire to achieve higher goals or expectations. Patriarchy led men into high power positions in the community leaving women with no chance of participation in this field. This type of society facilitated men into possessing key roles in the religious and political arena which served them as a platform to pursue and achieve higher goals. In the story of the Ramayana, men were empowered and women were often subdued due to the patriarchal era that they were living in at the time of the story, which facilitated these typical gender roles. Works cited Mack, Maynard. â€Å"The Ramayana of Valkimi†. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997. 576-612Qazi, Uzma. â€Å"Ramayana Lecture Notes†. Grant MacEwan, Edmonton, 2008. Seeger, Elizabeth. â€Å"The Ramayana†. New York: William R. Scott, 1969. Raghunathan, N. â€Å"Srimad Valkimi Ramayana†. Madras: Vighneswara Publishing House, 1981.

Process Work Essay

Module 1: Contexts: Unit 1: Purposes of the school curriculum |Unit 1 Activity 1: Changing curriculum principles | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |Unit 1 Activity 2: The hidden curriculum | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | | Unit 1 Activity 3: Ivan Illich | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |Unit 1 Activity 4: What should the education system aim to achieve? | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |To what extent do you agree that ‘schools should be inculcating knowledge relevant to modern society such as the ability to live | |healthily, to manage money and to find fulfilment’ (Bloom, 2008: para 2). In the space below, write a piece for your tutor, in no more | |than 500 words, as a response to this question. | |A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students (or â€Å"pupils†) under the direction of teachers. Curriculum which is the | |frame work of the school has been broadly def ined as all the experiences learners have under the guidance of the school, and all planned | |learning for which the school is responsible Marsh C.J and Willis (http/coefaculty.aldosta.edu/grubbs/ definitions).Curriculum is | |structured to be flexible, and always reflect goals of the nation. | |( It is important to be clear about the correct meaning of terms but these definitions do not focus the reader immediately on the | |required subject.) | |Prof. John white ( White) a professor in the Institute of Education University of London is of ( the) opinion that schools should be | |inculcating knowledge relevant to modern day societal needs like ability to live healthy, manage money and find fulfilment ( new | |sentence?) in his published work â€Å"What schools are for and Why† White(2007).He is also of opinion that the existing curriculum with its | |emphasis on discrete subjects is a relic of the 19th century attitudes to school and he argues that such values no longer apply to the | |21st century. This writing is aimed at showing my extent of agreement with his opinion. | |Health is defined as feeling sound, well, vigorous and physically able to do things that most people ordinarily can do.J.Mirowsky and | |Ross (2003). Research shows that healthy eating can improve childrens’ concentration and help them do better in school says paediatric | |behavioural nutritionist Janice Baronowski from Baylor University in Houston.http://www.livestrong.com/article/192724. It was also | |observed in China that exercise which is part of the daily activities in schools kept the pupils mind and body alert, and helped their | |performance. Since the well-being of an individual including his emotional balance cannot be separated from his ability to succeed in the| |pursuit of his individual and societal interest at large, I agree that schools inculcate knowledge of the ability to live healthily. This| |will include regular exercise and healthy eating. However, some physical exercises done to keep fit could pose a threat to the health of | |some children. | |John white in his published work is also of opinion that money managing skills be taught children. Trilling and hood ( Hood) (2001) | |suggest that we are moving from the industrial age to the knowledge age where knowledge becomes manpower. As the world is growing and | |economic policies changing, I agree that children be taught how to spend and save but any attitude attached to spending is somewhat | |related to the level of income and needs of the individual which is very dynamic. On the other hand, a general principle on spending can | |be taught to guide children as they grow to fit into a larger society. Inculcating values like kindness, trust is also relevant as this | |are values that promote integrity and efficiency in the  way things are done in the society. | |Personal fulfilment however is a broader term to consider. It is encouraged that children learn to discover and live their dreams, but to| |what extent can we measure one’s fulfilment, and how relevant is an individual’s fulfilment ( fulfilment?) to the needs of the society? | |The school curriculum is a reflection of the needs of the society, therefore knowledge to be inculcated in schools should be aimed at | |achieving societal goals, not just individuals finding fufillment in what they do. | |( You are beginning to develop some interesting arguments here. I was interested , especially, in how you related health to effective | |learning and identified the possible contradiction between individual fulfilment and societal needs. You have the potential here to | |take a more critical , and questioning, view of White’s theory although this is not developed. | |You weaken your argument by not keeping a clear focus on the required task as well as through having unnecessary errors in writing. To | |present work at Masters level requires more careful proof reading. ) | |Unit 1 Activity 5: Overall curriculum aims | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have watched and listened to the feedback provided at the end of the activity |√ | |I have added to/amended my commonplace book entries in the light of this feedback |√ | |Unit 1 Activity 6: The purposes of one curriculum subject | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have posted a contribution to the discussion board |√ | |Please paste the text of your initial discussion board entry below: | |Language study is as important as the essence of language itself which is basically communication.Communication is a necessary tool | |required for human  beings to co-exist, and language is a dominant means of communication.Language is all emcompassing,it ( It) is the | |identity of any tribe and nation at large, ( ?) it is the medium for interaction between teachers and pupils for all subjects,and also | |necessary for internationa l relations. | |English and French are two languages widely spoken in countries all over the world.English is the Lingua Franca of most British colonized| |nations,Nigeria inclusive,among over 250 languages spoken in the country.It is also important to be competent in the use of English as | |the Lingua franca of the nation.Asides effective communication,competence builds confidence which is a necessary quality children should | |imbibe.In Nigeria English is taught as a core subject from nursery to secondary school level,and in the University it is compulsorily | |studied as a general course. | | | |( You present a reasoned case. Again, watch sentence structure and the use of capital letters) | |Unit 1 Activity 7: Education and the knowledge age | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have read the feedback provided at the end of the activity |√ | |I have added to/amended my commonplace book entries in the light of this feedback |√ | PGCE International – Process work record form Module 1: Contexts: Unit 2: Understanding educational systems |Unit 2 Activity 1: Crossing cultures | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have watched and listened to the feedback provided at the end of the activity  |√ | |I have added to/amended my commonplace book entries in the light of this feedback |√ | |Unit 2 Activity 2: Key issues in your own educational system | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |What might your tutor need to understand about your own educational contexts (both teaching and learning)? In the space below, write an | |analysis, in no more than 500 words, of the main issues which she or he will need to take into consideration when responding to your work| |on this course: | | KEY EDUCATIONAL ISSUES IN MY COUNTRY | |In discussing major issues in the Nigerian Education system where I practice,it is important to note that there is no uniformity of | |standard and practice.While Government schools run with a standard and curriculum,the private schools adopt standards and curriculum in | |line with the vision of their owners so we have the British,Turkish,Lebanese,American and even a blend of more than one curriculum in | |practice by different schools.This disuniformity ( I do not think this is a correct word, though I understand what you are saying. You | |would need to state â€Å"This lack of uniformity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) in standard in itsself ( itself?) is a major issue.For this reason the dominant issues | |in the public schools like poor infrastructure,fewer learning and teaching aids, might not be very ( ?) present in the private | |schools. This is as a result of fund mismanagement and poor maintenance of existing facilities in public schools. ( Are you arguing that | |it is the lack of Government standard and curriculum that leads to better facilities and learning in private schools? I am not clear of | |your argument.) | |Poor power supply affects the use of electronic teaching and learning aids such as the interactive white board,computers,etc. and | |facilities that enhance a comfortable learning environment like the air conditioners and fans.Though this is a challenge faced by both | |the public and private schools at large,it is largely overcome by the private schools that use alternative power  supply.This | |however,means extra cost to these schools and is shared by the children as they have to pay higher school fees thus making very good | |quality education expensive and hardly affordable for those below average class. | |Teachers’ welfare in the past was very poor as they were not well renumerated an d in most schools both public and private,they are | |still poorly paid and priced.This has led to a negative approach towards the profession and demotivated people from going into practice.A| |high turnover of teachers also exists in schools as existing teachers leave the profession for more â€Å"promising professions†.Some teachers| |are not motivated enough to give their best to the profession and are most times absent from the classroom as a result of this poor | |treatment especially in government schools. The country is however in the process of improving teachers welfare. | |Educational policies for some time, have not been relatively stable so we have a policy implemented today and discarded tomorrow, for | |instance the 6-3-3-4 system of six years in primary school,three years in a vocational training school for those who can not go further | |to secondary education,three years in senior secondary school and four years in university was changed to a 9-3-4 education system which | |was kicked against by many technocrats in the field.shortly ( start a sentence with a capital letter) after it was changed back to the | |6-3-3-4 system.This instability has greatly challenged the Nigerian Educational system,considering the cost of training teachers to | |reflect policy aims,and cost of adopting and implementing the policies. | |The Multi ethnicity of the country has an effect on the country’s education policies.What may be acceptable as a practice in one state or| |culture might n ot be in another.For instance, in the Northern part of Nigeria, culture places more restriction on the females unlike | |other parts of the country, thereby making it difficult for some policies to be implemented.This is especially as regards curriculum and | |professional practice. | | | |( You raise many interesting issues in this response. You still need to proof read with  greater care and check the clarity of every | |argument.) | | | | | | | |Unit 2 Activity 3: Exploring Teachers TV | |I have watched at least three of the Teachers TV videos and made appropriate notes | |in my commonplace book |√ | |Unit 2 Activity 4: Comparing approaches | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |Unit 2 Activity 5: Improving approaches | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have listened to the feedback provided at the end of the activity |√ | |I have added to/amended my commonplace book entries in the light of this feedback |√ | |I have posted a contribution to the discussion board |√ | |Please paste the text of your initial discussion board contribution below: | |I agree that some elements of the practices in the educational system of other countries have been adopted into the Nigerian educational | |system and will like to add that failure of the 6-3-3-4 system is not in its inability to produce competent graduates who can fit into | |the larger society, but in the fact that its aim of six years compulsory primary education accompanied with three years vocational | |training in vocational schools was not fully achieved.This is seen in the existence of fewer vocational schools for science,wood, | |furniture and textile making in the country. | |On mathematics I suppose the difference between the practice in Hungary and  Nigeria lies more in the method employed in teaching the | |subject. Maths teaching in Nigeria is more abstract and most teachers,especially in government schools, use less attractive manipulatives | |in teaching concepts compared to the Hungarian practice.In Nigeria focus seems to be on the cognitive with less emphasis on process which| |i ( I) believe amounts to the reason why at age 8 children can recite multiplication tables to 12. I also observed that students | |performance in the subject in Nigeria seems to be poorer compared to their counterparts in Hungary.In the external examination conducted | |in my secondary school which is owned by the Federal Government in 2005, over 50% failure in maths was recorded. | |Although there is current record of improvement in the subject,I believe if we adopt the Hungarian method of teaching the subject | |practically with more attractive manipulatives especially in early education stage, and organize periodic seminars for teachers | |irrespective of the sector which they belong to on improved strategies for teaching the subject, there will be improved performance in | |mathematics among students in Nigeria. | |( You demonstrate that you have engaged with the materials   on the course and are relating them to your own experience in Nigerian | |schools.) | |Unit 2 Activity 6: Exploring links | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |Unit 2 Activity 7: British Council Schools Online | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | PGCE International – Process work record form Module 1: Contexts: Unit 3: Understanding the classroom |Unit 3 Activity 1: The value of observation | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have listened to the feedback provided at the end of the activity |√ | |I have added to/amended my commonplace book entries in the light of this feedback |√ | |Unit 3 Activity 2: The ethics of classroom observation | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have read the feedback provided at the end of the activity |√ | |I have added to/amended my commonplace book entries in the light of this feedback |√ | |Unit 3 Activity 3: Observing two pupils | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |Unit 3 Activity 4: Three further influential factors | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have read the feedback provided at the end of the activity |√ | |I have added to/amended my commonplace book entries in the light of this feedback |√ | |Unit 3 Activity 5: Creating a positive classroom ethos | |I have made ap propriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |Unit 3 Activity 6: Social and emotional aspects of learning | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have read the feedback provided at the end of the activity |√ | |I have added to/amended my commonplace book entries in the light  of this feedback |√ | |Unit 3 Activity 7: Pupil grouping and the learning environment | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have posted a contribution to the discussion board |√ | |Please paste the text of your initial discussion board contribution below: | |I will prefer grouping pupils based on mixed ability. This is to enhance exchange of not only ideas, but also to encourage character and | |learning strategy influence between the high and low ability. If learning is to be child centred, then I believe children should be given| |a chance to learn from each other, not only from their teachers. However grouping based on ability will be encouraged in core subjects | |like Mathematics to help those struggling in the subject recieve ( receive) more attention from teachers in their areas of challenge, but| |learning would not be restricted to this setting alone, ( New sentence?) grouping will vary based on topic taught and needs of the | |learner. | |Language classes will be more beneficial if there is mixed ability grouping because Language theorist ( Are you referring to someone | |specific? If so state this.) have proven that Language is better learnt through association especially between the more competent and the| |less competent ones. | |( You present some good arguments here. Do writers like Kutnick raise any other issues that you think are important? Are there | |circumstances in the classroom when you would not use mixed ability grouping but , instead, base grouping on other factors?) | |Unit 3 Activity 8: Multimodal semiotic analysis | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |I have watched/listened to the feedback provided at the end of the activity |√ | |I have added to/amended my commonplace book entries in the light of this feedback  |√ | |Unit 3 Activity 9: Classroom observation | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |In the light of your classroo m observation, think about any new understandings which you feel that this approach has provided for you. | |Have you been surprised by any of the ways in which meanings can be constructed in classrooms? Write a critical account of multimodal | |semiotic analysis as a methodology. What are its strengths and limitations? | |In the space below, write a summary of your responses to these questions (in no more than 500 words) for your tutor: | |Multimodal semiotics is deriving meaning from different modes employed by the teacher in the classroom. Semiotics refers to meaning of | |all kinds, with sign as its central focus that is meaning derived not only from words spoken, but in other symbols. Modes refer to the | |many means by which meaning is made. Kress et al (2005). Modes described by Kress et al include classroom layout, voice quality, visual | |display, gesture, gaze, movement of teacher. Multi means various or different kinds. Multimodal semiotics as a concept looks at meaning | |not derived from only one mode in the classroom, but from an interaction between different modes, just as how much is said, written and | |read. | |In observing an English lesson on traditional tale for year 2 pupils, I took note of the modes employed by the teacher during the lesson | |which includes voice quality, movement and seating arrangement of the pupils, in the cassroom ( classroom).The teacher started on a calm | |low pitched yet confident tone.This tone created a rather friendly and relaxed environment for the children. As the lesson progressed, | |her tone also rose in a clear progression,without loosing its calmness,or sounding too loud.The key words in the | |lesson;tale,traditional,story,villain,happyending,etc. were stressed as she pronounced them. She was also very audible and spoke with | |such clarity that showed great confidence and captivated the attention of the children. I observed that this tone of confidence, | |influenced the behaviour of the children.She did not have to deal so much with inappropraite  behaviour in the classroom, her voice tone | |simply gave an atmosphere of discipline. | |The pupils all sat in twos on tables arranged in traditional setting of three rows, facing the teacher who was majorly( mainly?) standing| |before them, with her table at the side in front of the classroom. Her table position was such that she could monitor the children from | |all angles without necessarily seating in front of them. Seating arrangement was changed to group seating when a task was given. The | |pupils were asked to use WOW words to describe a picture on the interactive white board and were placed in groups of four on each table, | |facing each other which I observed encouraged participation between all the children in the classroom. After performing the task, the | |pupils went back to their former positions. For another task, pupils sat in twos on different tables to form mnemonics to remember | |spellings of different words. Her movement was however restricted as she scarcely moved around to see what the pupils were doing, but | |only gave instructions vocally. Sh e had someone from each table stand and read out what was on a worksheet. This made the lesson look | |teacher centered. | |The teacher’s restricted movement did not really reflect a participatory class environment but a teacher centred one, contrary to the | |seating arrangement. The tone of the teacher however influenced the lesson style; it was very confident, quite firm and created a | |friendly environment. The rising and falling tone captivated the pupils’ interest and I observed that this made the lesson interesting. | |( You show good understanding of this theory of communication in the classroom and how it can be used to support deeper observation of | |what is taking place. You show good observation and identify many interesting aspects of the lesson. I also found interesting how the | |teacher proved more effective in different parts of the lesson. Well answered.) | | |

A Conversation About Self Knowledge Essay Plato, Knowledge, Understan

In Alcibiades I, Socrates argues that a person’s self is their soul and their bodies just protect it. Socrates and Alcibiades came to the conclusion that â€Å"What was said just now in pretty much these terms, that first the self itself must be investigated. Now instead of it we were investigating what each individual is. And perhaps this will suffice. For there’s nothing, I suppose that we would say is more authoritative over us than the soul,† (48d). Humans need to firs self and the oracle was that it was to my advantage to be as I am,† (22e). This angered many people because he challenged the idea that â€Å"†¦human wisdom is worth little or nothing†¦,† (23a). Human wisdom is essential to living a life of excellence because if a person does not truly know themselves, what is the point? There is a friend of mine that has self-knowledge but she is aware that sometimes people may not agree because they may not have that same knowledge she has. She also knows when she does not know about something. That is when she either seeks help from others or discovers it herself. Socrates argues in the Apology that not doing philosophy is unjust in the sense that people are living a life unexamined and are going through the motions. Self-knowledge is an essential part of a person’s life because living a life unexamined may lead to an unfulfilling life.

Procrastination and how to overcome it Research Paper

Procrastination and how to overcome it - Research Paper Example In this regard, the objective of this essay is to proffer relevant issues pertaining to procrastination, as the problem that needs to be resolved. The discourse would initially describe procrastination; what information should be gathered to help one solve it and where the information may be obtained. A description of the process to be used to evaluate the needed information and issues that will be considered in the evaluation (such as perspective and validity) would be determined. Finally, how the information will be used to resolve the problem and alternative areas of consideration would be evaluated prior to arriving at an appropriate solution. Different studies present varying models of a typical decision-making process depending on their perspectives. Some models follow eight steps, others five. For purposes of making intuitive choices, one structurally follows six steps in decision making. The six steps of this natural, intuitive decision-making process, according to Ethics Resource Center (2009) are: â€Å"Step 1: Define the problem; Step 2: Identify available alternative solutions to the problem; Step 3: Evaluate the identified alternatives; Step 4: Make the decision; Step 5: Implement the Decision; and Step 6: Evaluate the decision†. According to Procrastination Pro (2010), par. 12), a more comprehensive definition of procrastination is â€Å"a chronic habit  (caused primarily by fear or discomfort) of illegitimately justifying to oneself that a task does not, should not, or cannot be started now†. Procrastination would tend to cause stress, depression, lack of motivation, among others (Procrastination Pro, 2010). Knowing that it is a chronic habit, Carter, Bishop & Kravits (2007) averred that once the area of dilemma has been defined, the next step would be to gather relevant information to assist in addressing the problem. There are vast sources of information where solving procrastination can be

Publix Super Market and the Effect of Hurricanes Research Paper

Publix Super Market and the Effect of Hurricanes - Research Paper Example Hurricanes result to enormous damages and devastation within the local communities. These natural disasters tend to deter and disrupt supply chains of major products due to the damages inflicted on infrastructure such as roads, rails, and communication channels. Consequently, businesses (especially those that operate a Just-in-Time manufacturing methodology) incur significant supply shortages that run for long durations, resulting to losses due to lost revenues. Other losses emanate from damage on goods and insurance claims that may run into hundreds of million of dollars. One such business that experienced huge losses in the 2004-2005 hurricanes in Miami, Florida is Publix Supermarket and its chain of stores. This paper seeks to examine the effects of external events to a business, drawing from the impacts of hurricanes on Publix supermarket, especially the disruption of its supply chain, damages to goods, and insurance claims (Publix AMC). Publix Supermarket Inc is an employee-owne d chain stores operating primarily in the United States. The company has grown rapidly since its establishment to dominate the retail industry in Florida and the US at large, operating 1086 retail stores, 8 centers for grocery distribution, and nine brand-manufacturing facilities. The product portfolio of the company is majorly grocery, foods and beverages, and other finished products, groceries and food products being dominant. With the headquarters in Florida, the retail giant has over 757 stores, with a grocery distribution center in Miami (Publix AMC). The company has a solid establishment in the Florida region, but the fact that the area is prone to hurricanes and tornadoes downplays its development. Due to the delicate nature of its products portfolio, Publix operates a primarily Just-in-Time manufacturing method. This production methodology emphasizes on problem solving and waste reduction for continuous improvement, thus improving organizational performance. The fundamental principles include having adequate inventory only, improving quality, reducing setup time and queue length, and reducing costs. This production method has quality and cost benefits, but the most significant challenge is supply chain disruptions. Supply chain disruptions occur because of failure of one element of the supply chain and the subsequent failure in the rest of the chain. There are two categories of supply chain risks: disruption or operation. Operational risks refer to uncertainties such as uncertainty in costs, customer demand, and supply. Disruption risks are associated with economic crises or manmade and natural disasters. This paper focuses on the disruption risks in the supply chain of Publix Supermarket Inc. In Miami, the most significant disasters are hurricanes. About eight years ago, the region experienced three catastrophic hurricanes in barely two month, with hurricane Charley in August 13 2004, hurricane Ivan in September 2004, and hurricane Jeanne in September 2004. The impacts of the events were enormous to the people and business in that community. Among the most affected was Publix Super Markets, recording well over $60 million in product losses alone (SEC 17). According to the organization’s Form 10-K submission for the fiscal year 2006 to the US Securities and Exchange Commission, the 2004-2005 hurricanes had significant financial

Cost Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cost Management - Term Paper Example Defense organization of the US government manages many production facilities that operate similar to industries. The chief strategies employed by Defense Department are to reduce permanent positions for staff and workers, outsource some of the jobs and depend more on temporary workers. Authors argue that the organizations have to strike a balance while reducing fixed costs permanently. Elaborating further, they argue that Honda Motor Company reduced permanent engineering staff, which was dedicated to the design functions during 1980s; however, that went against the company when its competitors came out with new designs in automobiles. This eventually resulted into the reduced market share for Honda impacting its profitability. Honda had a great difficulty to catch up with new innovative features that competitors released time to time in the market place. Thus, a strategy to reduce fixed cost may appear lucrative in the beginning but could be detrimental to the future growth. Currentl y, similar situation exists in the Defense Department of the government. ... The impact of fixed cost is huge in any organization. Higher fixed cost compels firms to operate at higher levels of operations and sales volume to meet those fixed costs. That is why in difficult market conditions, the firms with higher fixed costs are often found in trouble. The firms with higher operating leverages are always at risk during unpredictable sales environment. Moreover, sales volatility is rampant in the industries where technology has been changing rapidly. In these kinds of industries, it becomes important to assess fixed-cost involvement and possible sales volume that are achievable. No wonder that many large sized computer firms reduced their fixed-cost commitment in recent years. IBM reduced their permanent staff by 100,000 between 1990 and 1994. Not only that the company outsourced many of its parts and products in these years; that reduced the requirement on plant and machinery to a great extent. This further reduced fixed-cost burden on the company. That is ho w IBM could adapt to changing market environment and survive. That surely is a good strategy in unpredictable and difficult market situation (Ciccotello & Green 1995). Exercising Caution in Reducing Operating Leverage Contrary to this, many private firms have been operating in the industries where market demand of their products is quite steady and predictable. With the predictable sales volume, fixed-cost commitment is easy to make and it makes absolutely no sense to reduce permanent staff compromising the future business prospects and efficiency factors. Authors further emphasize that reducing permanent employees is an expensive preposition and once removed they are very costly

General Motors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

General Motors - Research Paper Example companies trailed voluntary petitions for assistance under Title 11 of the United States of Bankruptcy code as per Chapter 11 reorganization (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010). In this scenario GM, had filed a motion to gain approval by the Bankruptcy court, which led to the creation of NGMCO, Inc. However, after the purchase of â€Å"Old GM† by NGMCO, it was again renamed as General Motor Company. This evolution of new operations advocated in favor of the fact that the bankruptcy conversion was guided by the concept of â€Å"pre-packaged† Chapter 11 reorganization (Stoll & Terlep, 2009). GM’s filing for bankruptcy in 2009 indeed marked one of the darkest falls in the automobile history. Although the turn of events that led to GM’s bankruptcy had been predictive, critics were of the view that the sole reasons for the automobile giant’s fall was hidden in its managerial faults as well as sudden upsurge of the global economic downturn. As mentioned in The Economists (2009), â€Å"The collapse of General Motors into bankruptcy is only the latest chapter in a long story of mismanagement and decline†. According to the reports, there were various reasons behind the bankruptcy of GM. One of the major reasons of the bankruptcy was argued to be its mismanagement of finances and poor liquidity structure. Critics also argued that ineffective forecast of the external business environment affected the efficiency of the company in the global market, where its stagnancy in brand exposure also hampered its long run sustainability. In addition, the company also failed in taking requisite measures to file for bankruptcy, which affected its stakeholders’ interests to a substantial extent (Carty, 2009). Most effective course of action to solve the problem. As can be observed from the above context, the primary problem inherent to GM’s failure was related to its managerial deficiencies. In this regard, application of the cognitive theory could have been

Tobacco growth Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tobacco growth - Lab Report Example The study recommends growth of Burley tobacco in artificial soil. Research questions The study sought to investigate the following research questions. Does the soil type affect germination of plants? Does the soil type affect the growth of plants? Hypotheses In order to answer the research questions, the research explored the following sets of hypotheses, Ha1:  µA=  µP=  µO; there is no significant different on the effect of type of soil on germination of tobacco. (Where  µA,  µP, and  µO are the mean percentage of germinated seeds for artificial, plain, and organic soils respectively) Ho1: Any of the  µA,  µP, or  µO is different; there is a significant difference in the soil’s effects on the ability of tobacco to germinate. Ha2:  µA=  µP=  µO; There is no significant difference on the effects of type of soil on the tobacco’s grow. (Where  µA,  µP, and  µO are the mean length of the plants for artificial, plain, and organic soils respectiv ely) Ho2: Any of the  µA,  µP, or  µO is different; there is significant differences in the soil’s effects on the ability of tobacco grow. Materials and methods Materials The following materials were used in the experiments; Burley tobacco seeds, 15 small growers’ pots, labeling stickers, three different types of soil (artificial, plain and organic), light spray, tweezers, spatula, water, and zip-ock-bags. Design The research applied a complete randomized design in its experimental set up. The design involves separate blocks for experiments and each block has the same number of treatment. The design was selected for its advantages that would facilitate exploration of the research questions and the research hypotheses. One of its advantages is its level of precision that also eliminates error because of existence of control. It also offers more information as compared to other designs because treatments across all blocks can be paired during analysis. The design i s also simple to implement and is flexible. It is however suitable for blocks with relatively small sizes (Montgometry and Runger, 2010). Research procedure The research process involved acquisition of 15 small grower’s pots that were labeled with the group’s identification number. The pots were organized for three treatments and each treatment had five replicates that were achieved in five different pots and were each labeled. Each of the pots was filled to 1 inch below the top with the appropriate soil. Using a light spray from the hose, the soil was saturated, evenly, so that it settled. One more inch of soil was then added to the saturated soil from the top and watered. The process was repeated until the potting mix no longer settled. Tweezers was then used to disperse 10 tobacco seeds into a small beaker before the 10 seeds were evenly and randomly distributed across the surface of each pot. Care was taken to get exactly 10 seeds into each pot. Each pot was then s lowly dipped into a pan of water until saturation was achieved. â€Å"Watering from the bottom† technique was used, throughout the study, to achieve this. The pots were then sealed in their own labeled Zip-Lock bag and placed, randomly, under grow lights as directed. Once a week, we went down as a group to count how many plants had germinated and watered our plants. We placed a toothpick next to each sprout to mark its location for analytics purposes in case germinated seeds dried up. At the end of the study, we determined the percentage germination and

Pope Pius, Ten Rules on Prohibited Books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pope Pius, Ten Rules on Prohibited Books - Essay Example 2. This document was written by the congregation during the Council of Trent, a convention of Catholic leaders, theological and Bible scholars of the Catholic Church and church dignitaries. Councils - the assembly of the Catholic dignitaries and which include Cardinals, Archbishops and Bishops - are usually presided by the Apostolic See or the Pope. Pope Pius V presided in the assembly of the Council of Trent. The decrees developed from the Council sessions were sanctioned, issued and confirmed by the Pope (J. Donovan, 3). 3. The Ten Rules on Prohibited Books was written in 1546 during the ecumenical assembly of The Council of Trent. The Council convened in 1545 and thereafter had three sessions presided by three popes. It culminated in 1563. In 1564, Pope Pius V formally confirmed all decrees from the three sessions and promulgated them. This decree, The Ten Rules on Prohibited Books, is part of the decrees produced by the Council (McHugh, Callan, 13). 4. The Council of Trent produced the Ten Rules on Prohibited Books as a response to the Reformation movement led by the prominent Protestant reformists such as Luther, Calvin and Zwingli. Although the Catholic Church, under attack by the radical ideas of the reformists, took twenty five years to respond, after Luther and his followers had already done the damage of the weakening the foundations of the church and the leadership of the Pope (Darby, 25). Luther decried the absolutism of the leaders of the Catholic Church as well as the indulgences of the Papacy in his speeches and in his writings (Davies, 57). This was the time when the authority of the Pope faced decline and countries in Europe were gearing up for the looming religious war (Wallbank, 2). The ecclesiastical leaders of the church, alarmed by the havoc the reformers created on their leadership, responded with prohibitions on published materials written mainly by Luther, Calvin and Zwingli or their followers (New, 34). The historical background of this decree is apparent as it specifically mentioned the leaders of the Reformation Movement and labeling the aforesaid leaders as 'heretics' or heretical authors. Moreover, the decree clarifies the types of books considered 'condemned' and the kinds of publications and writings deemed heretical and forbidden. The rules in this decree states that the only books permitted should be ones that are not contrary to the doctrine. This explicitly refers to the doctrine of the Catholic Church. The decree provides stipulations on punishment on whosoever has been found guilty of reading the forbidden works. This document was part of the voluminous decrees and legislations developed within the span of eighteen years during the Council of Trent whose aim was to 'define' the doctrines of Catholicism (New, 127). 5. The authors' goals in this decree are to define condemned works, stop the spread of heresy, and specify punishments for those who break the rules. In addition, it clearly specifies who the 'heretic' authors are 'and others like these' (II) and the nature of the condemned and prohibited writings. It also provides clarification with regards heretical works 'which deal professedly with religion' as they are absolutely forbidden. The authors of this decree purport to bring to an end the proliferation of 'heresy' brought

Tuberculosis Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

Tuberculosis - Dissertation Example TB is thus more fatal among children and interferon (IFN)-?-deficient individuals, who still lack granulomatous response (Mustafa et al 449). These are seen in Chest X-ray as lung lesions, and patients also experience muscle wasting (Verreck et al. 8). Pathological characteristics TB patients also have increased C-reactive protein (CRP), while decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were also observed (Verreck et al. 8). IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-?, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-?, and interferon (IFN)-? play various roles in the formation of tuberculous granulomas of TB patients. TNF-? is associated with activation of macrophages. This cytokine, together with IFN-?, enhances the bactericidal activity of monocytes and macrophages, recruitment of these immune cells, and subsequent formation of granulomas (Mustafa et al. 450). IFN-? is produced in response to IL-12 secretion, which is initiated by toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 activation.O n the other hand, Il-10 and TGF-? antagonizes the action of TNF-? and IFN-? respectively, reducing the anti-mycobacterial immune response and allowing the growth of the pathogen within the host cells. In particular, IL-10 induces the macrophages to release soluble TNF-ÃŽ ± receptor type 2 (TNFR2), which couples with the cytokine to form an inactive TNF-ÃŽ ±-TNFR2 complex. In this regard, a balance among these four is necessary in the optimal immune response against M. tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis is communicated through aerosols and inhaled bacilli. Upon phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages patrolling the lungs, the bacteria replicate within the host cell. Its survival lies in its ability to block phagosome maturation. Because of the intracellular nature of infection, drugs developed against TB should be able to reach within cells (Feltcher, Sullivan and Braunstein 1582). After which, granuloma forms through the migration of macrophages, lymphocytes and dendritic cells at the infection site. Among these cells, macrophages differentiate into epithelioid cells (EC), or fuse to form multinucleated giant cells (MGC), which is also known as Langhans giant cells. ECs have better mycobactericidal functions, as seen in their lesser antigen load. On the other hand, the TGF-?- and FasL-expressing MGCs contain more bacterial antigens, and thus allow bacterial growth. In addition, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with heightened expression of FasL induce apoptosis in T lym phocytes during antigen presentation. Interestingly, ECs that contain mycobacterial antigens may resist apoptosis, and fuse to form MGCs. In contrast, ECs without mycobacteria undergo apoptosis. These findings show that M. tuberculosis cause inhibition of host cell apoptosis, and the MGCs cause death of antigen-specific T cells. By resisting apoptosis, viral antigens are not presented to immune cells, thus inhibiting recruitment and allowing persistence of the lesion. Persistence of TB infection also partly results from the immune suppression caused by FasL-expressing MGCs (Mustafa et al. 450-454). Thus, despite presenting no clinical symptoms, M. tuberculosis are present in granulomas, and can later reactivate and cause disease (Feltcher, Sullivan and Braunstein 1582). Diagnosis The gold standard in diagnosing TB remains to be clinical examination, acid-fast bacilli staining of sputum and bacterial culture. Culture of M. tuberculosis

From slavery to freedom Essay Example for Free

From slavery to freedom Essay Ironically, Fredrick Douglas all but snatched the Emancipation Proclamation from Abraham Lincolns hands to make of its flat rhetoric a sharpened call for freedom and equality. Douglass had never regarded the ending of slavery as enough, either for himself or for his people; it had to be the beginning of an embrace of the black individuals fullness as a person, a beginning that would point straight toward an end, within quick reach. â€Å"For Douglass, each gain in the struggle, and the Emancipation Proclamation decidedly was one of the greatest, simply meant that America must move on to the next gain. † (Mcfeely, 1991) Douglasss commitment to abolitionism, black elevation, and womens rights outstripped his commitment to other social reforms. His major social reform passions black liberation and womens liberation underscored his egalitarian humanism. The logic and motivation for his social reform odyssey derived essentially from his quest for morality, order, and progress. Even though his interrelated social reform enthusiasms were integral to his vision of a moral, orderly, and progressive civilization, he nonetheless evinced a keen sense of the need for priorities among them. (Martin, 1984) In retelling his journey from slavery to freedom in the middle of the decade, less than a year after the Cleveland emigration convention, Douglass was responding implicitly to the arguments of Delany and other pro-immigration supporters that in the foreseeable future blacks would remain slaves, or de facto slaves, in the United States arguments that would appear to have gained added currency with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. Central to Douglasss continued hopefulness about blacks prospects in the United States, despite such obviously negative developments, was a renewed commitment following his 1851 break with Garrison to the informing ideals of the nations original revolutionary documents. In many ways during this period, Frederick Douglass became the prototypical American success: a peerless self-made man and symbol of success; a fearless and tireless spokesman; a thoroughgoing humanist. The most striking and enduring aspect of Douglasss heroic legacy in his day its classic, even archetypical aura has persisted down to the present. Although often viewed and used differently by others, the heroic and legendary Douglass clearly personifies the American success ethic. The key to his eminently evocative essence is twofold. Douglass’s influence had a far reaching affect. In April 1855, Uriah Boston, a prominent figure in the black community of Poughkeepsie, New York, wrote a letter to Douglass in reference to his newspaper. Boston expressed concern over the increasingly separatist tone of prominent black abolitionists like William J. Wilson and James McCune Smith. Responding to pieces they had written in the black press, Boston criticized the two for â€Å"urging the colored people to preserve their identity with the African race. † He feared that any claim of distinct national identity on the part of black people might lend credence to â€Å"the propriety and necessity of African colonization†Ã¢â‚¬â€the dreaded scheme of the American Colonization Society. For Boston, blacks could never constitute a nation within the nation. â€Å"You cannot mix nationalities,† he wrote. â€Å"No man is a proper citizen of one certain country while he claims at the same time to be a citizen of any other country. †

Library catalog Essay Example for Free

Library catalog Essay Today, libraries are intensified and triggered by many advances and rapid inventions of science and technology that are greatly affecting the library operations as a whole. The non-stop discoveries of this new technology, particularly computers, redefined the role of libraries. A library is a collection of information, sources, resources, books, and services, and the structure in which it is housed. It is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. In a more traditional sense, a library is a collection of books (â€Å"Library†, 2009). The library, more than any instrument of the society, is open to public use and the knowledge embodied in books are the foundation of a society to attain or develop more the potentialities of man which in return, will be a great factor in the progress of a nation. The library has the responsibility to upgrade its status through open access to these advances, to develop a plan of action in order to contribute and to become an effective partner especially in instruction, research and extension programs of an educational institute (Enem, 2002). From the statements above it is proven that the library has a big role not only to the students but also to the society and our country. Through the help of modern technology and information system, the library circulation system can improve. Library circulation or library lending comprises the activities around the lending of library books and other material to users of a lending library. A circulation or lending department is one of the key departments of a library (â€Å"LC†, 2009). Library circulation provides lending services and facilities for return of loaned items. Renewal of materials and payment of fines are also handled at the circulation desk. Circulation staff may provide basic search and reference services, though more in-depth questions are usually referred to reference librarians at the library reference desk. The circulation desk is in most cases staffed by library aides instead of professional librarians. The functions of the circulation desk staff may include the lending materials to library users, checking in materials returned, monitoring materials for damage and routing them to the appropriate staff for repair or replacement, troubleshooting circulation technology, i.e. library circulation software, scanners, printers, etc. , and collecting statistics on library use, i. e. patron transactions, material checkouts, etc. The two categories of Information System (IS) are the manual or traditional system and automatic or also known as Computer-Based Information System (CBIS). Before the use of CBIS, all the data are processed manually in a traditional system, where all the information are written and stored in different files. Sometimes, this process is called non-computerized system. Non-computerized is not efficient because it consumes a lot of time to find and update the information. To eliminate this problem, a new system was created which is known as computerized system or CBIS. Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS) is composed of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information (Abraham, 2009). The library of University of the Philippines Diliman was established in 1922 has grappled with four basic concerns: the book fund, staff development, library services and information technology. And in 1999 the university had opened an online public access catalog and launched the university library web. Another school that has a library system running in web based is the De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde in 1999. Each year, the school library acquires new resources and upgrades equipment for the use of students. As of august 2009, the library has a collection of over 122,000 book titles and more than 45,000 titles of electronic books. Using CBIS nowadays as a tool for development not only uplifts a company’s reputation, but also help fix things to the best. And also by using the intranet as a platform of the system can be a great help for improving the services of the library. An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet technologies to securely share any part of an organizations information or operational systems with its employees. Sometimes the term refers only to the organizations internal website, but often it is a more extensive part of the organizations computer infrastructure and private websites are an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration (King, 2002). Mr. A. T. Valdes, the librarian of NPCMSTI said that the library is an instrument that is used to provide data and information needed by the student in his study by collecting books that are important in their subjects as references. He added that from the books collected and selected, they are maintained in  order to be available to the students when the need it (personal communication, April 6, 2002). In addition, there are problems encountered in the manual or traditional library system of NPCMSTI based from the study conducted by the students of NPCMSTI. These include more effort and slow inventory of books, inefficient searching of books, inefficient generation of reports, and inefficient monitoring of books. The library has more than 4000 number of books and monitoring all these books require a lot of time and effort (Carreon, Delmendo, Maala, Mendoza Penequito, 2008). Considering the advantages brought by CBIS and the problems encountered in the existing library system of NPCMSTI, the researcher decided to propose a computerized library system for NPCMSTI. Company Background The vision of the NPCMSTI library is to be a functional media center for meritorious resources especially in Nautical Science or Marine Transportation, Marine Engineering, Computer Science, Criminology, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, and Technical Vocational courses towards an excellent training development of professionals, diligent seafarers and skilled workers in the community. Its mission is to seek endeavor to provide quality service and to support the school’s educational programs, planning, research and extension services and instructional needs of the academic through stipulating bits of information comprehensively in any structure, in any part of the country, and of the whole world. Quality Objectives. The school library has the following objectives: (1) to strengthen and upgrade the library resources; (2) to upgrade library facilities and equipment;(3) to train personnel to enhance their technical skills and competitiveness; and (4) to link and network with local, national and international institutions. The library has a total of 11,832 book collections from the Degree courses to Non-Degree courses. The primary function of a library system are to facilitate the loan of books to borrowers, record receipt of returned books, and keep track of the status of books that should be returned. Reference Services. The obligation of the library is to render full assistance to readers in using the library and its contents. The librarian handles library resources such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, biographies, atlases, and gazetteers. Orientation. The librarian’s unique responsibility is to utilize fully his resources in making as nearly certain as possible that the best materials for the particular purpose find their way to the readers. Also, the librarian serves as the mediator between man and the graphic records that he and his previous generations have produced and that the goal of the library is to maximize the social utility of graphic records for the benefit of the society. Library Hours. The library is open with its continuous hour service, from Monday to Friday which starts from 7:30 in the morning until 5:00 in the afternoon. Responsibilities of the Library Staff. The Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and Technology Library is manned by a Librarian, Assistant Librarian, and Library assistants. The Librarian shall administer the library, direct the activities of the staff, keep financial records of the library, keep records of the replacement of books, in charge of collecting and monitoring late fees, select and purchase books, library materials and supplies, stimulate growth of library services, attend library meetings or seminars, undertake indexing, classification and cataloging books and non-book materials and maintain relations to publishers and distributors. The Assistant Librarian shall take charge in absence of the librarian, help the librarian in indexing, classifying and cataloging of books and responsible for materials like clippings, periodicals and other documents, take charge in clipping and binding press and reviews, undertake the processing of books and non-book materials from putting accession number and stamping ownership mark to shelving. The Library Assistant shall issue and retrieve books at the circulation section, do the shelving and shelf reading of books retrieved, Paste torn pages of books and periodicals, undertake filing of clippings in the vertical file, type book cards, paste pockets and date due slips in books, cover books with plastic cover, stamp on books and periodicals, and file cards in the card catalogue. Cataloging and Classification. In the cataloging and classification of the book collections, the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules is adopted and the method used to describe an item that the library acquired. Also, the Dewey Decimal Classification System, the Sears List of Subject Heading and the Cutter Number of Tables are used in the NPCMSTI library. Borrowers. The student registered in the college, faculty members, staff, administrators, alumni of the college, and scholars or researchers from other institutions or organizations with endorsement letter from their librarians can use the services of the library. Importance of the Study This study is important to the following entities: To the Community. Through the help of this study it shall uplift the community’s education of the Filipinos by improving the services of the library. To the NPCMSTI. The output of the study shall be a great aid to the people using the library in the school. By improving and implementing the computerized system, books are monitored and also the quality of service that the school renders shall be uplifted and it also helps meet the vision and mission of the school. To the Staff-in Charge. The output of the study shall help easy recording and accessing of books records. By this study, librarians can monitor the status of the book at the library if it is available or borrowed. They can easily generate book reports such as available books, borrowed books, and inventory of the books by category. From this they shall save time and effort, and they can do more output in simple way. To the Faculty. The study would be beneficial to them for faster searching of the book information. By using the computerized system, the instructor can determine the book information in which they can use as their references in their subjects that they are teaching. They can also determine the book status whether it is available or borrowed by using the search feature of the system. From this they can save more time and effort. To the Students. The study would be beneficial to them in which searching of the book information would be faster. By using the computerized system, the student can determine the book information and also the book status if it is available or borrowed by using the search feature of the system or if they know the title of the book they want to borrow, they can easily determine if that book is available at the library, from this study they can save more time and effort. To other Researchers. This shall be a reference in conducting studies related to computer on wider prospective and may also serve as a basis for further study related to computer program. To the Researcher. Through this, the researcher shall be able to determine and appreciate the impact using technology for the productivity of every individual. Statement of the Problem The main aim of the study was to design and develop a computerized library circulation system for NPCMSTI. Specifically, the project aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What are the processes involved in the existing library circulation system of NPCMSTI along the areas on: a) borrowing and returning of books and other reading materials, and b) inventory of books and other reading materials, and  report generation? 2. What system features can be incorporated in the proposed library system in terms of: a) functionalities, b) back-up and restoration facilities, and c) security and control measures? Objectives of the Study The researcher aimed to design and develop a computerized library circulation system for NPCMSTI. Specifically, the study aimed to achieve the following: 1. Identify the processes involved in the existing library circulation system of NPCMSTI along the areas on: a) borrowing and returning of books and other reading materials, and  b) inventory of books and other reading materials, and report generation. 2. To determine the system features that can be incorporated in the proposed library system in terms of: a) functionalities, b) back-up and restoration facilities, and c) security and control measures. Definition of Terms The following terms are operationally defined: Administration. This refers to the supervision of the library by full-time, professionally-trained staff under a well-defined organizational setup. Back-up. This is the capability of the system to create a copy of the database. Book Category. The classification of a books as Filipiniana or Foreign. Borrowing of books. This is the process of lending available books and reading materials at the library. Inventory of Books. The process of generating a list of books borrowed, list of books available, and list of Filipiniana books and Foreign books by course. Filipiniana. These are books and non-book materials, published in the Philippines or abroad, written by Filipinos in any dialects or in English. Foreign. These are books and non-book materials, published in the Philippines or abroad, written by foreigners in any dialects or in English. Library System Functionality Features. These are the functions that are incorporated in the system such as searching of books, and verifying of borrowed books and returned books. Library Automation. It is an innovation using the computer to enhance the operation of the library. Library Circulation. It is comprised of the activities around the lending and borrowing of library books and other material to users. Library Environment. This refers to the physical condition, site, facilities and equipment of the library. Library Resources. This refers to the library personnel, book collection, services and use of the library. Non-print. These are non-book materials in various formats and style. Readers Services. These are services provided to customer such as bibliographical instruction on the effective use of the library, abstracting, information retrieval, reader’s guidance, and indexing. Report Generation. The process of generating a report on books needed by the librarian. Restore. Capability of the system that restores backup database into the system. Returning of Books. The process of returning the borrowed book at the library by the borrower. Searching of Books. The process of searching books at the library. Security measures. These are the computer controls that the library system will adopt in-order to protect the information or data in the database. Services. These are the activities that ensures maximum access and availability of resources and satisfactory use of the Library. Staff. They are the human resource of the library that maintains the services. This includes the professionals and the non-professional staff.

Recognition of Facial Emotions Using LDN Pattern

Recognition of Facial Emotions Using LDN Pattern RECOGNITION OF FACIAL EMOTIONS USING LDN PATTERN P. Ajay Kumar Reddy1, Dr S.G Hiremath2, Dr M.N GiriPrasad3, Dr G.N Kodanda Ramaiah4 1Research Scholar, Dept of ECE, KEC/JNTUA, Kuppam,A.P,India. 3Professor, Dept of ECE, JNTU,Ananthapuramu ,A.P,India. 2,4Professor, Dept of ECE, Kuppam Engineering College, Kuppam,A.P,India. Abstract A novel LDN pattern is proposed for facial expression recognition. LDN extracts the local features from a face which is used for face analysis and facial expression recognition. It computes the directional data of face textures into a compact code. Here compass masks are used to find the directional data which helps in distinguishing the homogenous structural patterns which helps in evaluating intensity variations. Experimental results show that the LDN method provides better results with reasonably low error rates. Keywords LDN pattern, Local Directional number pattern, feature vectors, expression recognition, face descriptor, face recognition, feature, image descriptor, local pattern. à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿ Face recognition is widely accepted for image analysis and pattern recognition. Its significance has increased in the last decade because of its application in commercial and law enforcement. Although a plethora of research was carried to overcome the disadvantages of facial recognition system but still a lot of problems persist. The most challenging work in any facial expression recognition system is to find the face vector. The aim of identifying a face vector is to find an efficient way of representing facial images which provides robustness in recognition process. There are two approaches proposed to extract facial features in any expression recognition system. Geometric feature based Appearance based method In geometric feature method, the location and shape of different facial features are combined to form a feature vector which represents a face, whereas in appearance-based system applies image filters on whole face or some specific regions of face to extract expression changes in face image. Geometric feature method requires reliable facial features which is a hurdle to accustom in lot of situations. On the other hand, performance of appearance-based methods is degraded due to environmental variations. The proposed LDN method will robustly identify the facial expressions under various variations like sad, anger, happy, disgust, etc. à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿ There are several techniques used in holistic class like fisherfaces and eigenfaces which are developed on PCA method. Although they are widely used their limitations to illumination and variations in poses causes a great concern in facial recognition system. Kotsia et al. [2] proposed an expression recognition system in sequences of facial images. Heisele et al. discussed about the legitimacy of the component-based methods. They expressed the face into one descriptor by extracting and computing local features from different parts of face. Zhang et al.[3] used the higher order local derivatives to get better results than LBP method. In order to overcome illumination variations and noise problems they used other information rather than depending on intensity levels. Donato et al. done a comprehensive analysis on different algorithms like LFA, PCA, Gabor wavelets, ICA to represent face images for facial expression recognition. Among them Gabor wavelet and ICA achieved the best performance. Shan c et al. presented robust LBP as feature descriptor in facial expression recognition. Though LBP is efficient in computations and robust to monotonic illumination change, its performance degrades in presence of random noise. The proposed framework for facial expression recognition is as described below. In the first stage a trained dataset is created with several facial expressions like fear, anger, sad, joy, happy, disgust etc. several preprocessing techniques are applied on these images. Then various features are extracted from face and its edges are perceived using Gaussian derivative and Kirsch masking. These features are classified and normalized using SVM classifiers. When a test image is given for recognition it is compared to the dataset and accurate images are recognized. Finally all the test results obtained are analyzed. Figure:1 Block Diagram Of LDN LDN Framework: The LDN pattern is a binary code of 6 bits assigned to each pixel of an input face image that represents the texture structures and transitions in intensity levels. The existing technique reveals that the edge magnitudes are not sensitive to lighting variations. Here we generate a pattern by using a compass mask which computes the neighborhood edge responses by utilizing the positive and negative values of those edge responses. A valuable data of the neighborhood structure is provided by the positive and negative values. These values reveal the gradient direction if the bright and dark areas in the neighborhood. The information of the neighborhood structure is provided by the positive and negative responses because the disclose the gradient path of bright and dark areas in neighborhood. The LDN generates a 6bit code every instance whenever the positive and negative responses are swapped. By using a compass mask we can compute the threshold responses in the neighborhood in 8 different directions which helps in generating a semantic descriptor for numerous textures with uniform structural pattern. Dataset The dataset images which are used for the research work are lively recorded which depict various facial expressions like anger, joy, disgust, sad, fear and happiness. Figure:2 Dataset Pre-Processing Different processing techniques are used on input images. Here kirsch masking is used for calculating edge responses. It basically extracts response in edges and rotates 45 degrees apart to obtain mask in 8 directions. A derivative Gaussian mask is used to smooth the code which helps in overcoming the illumination changes and noise. This helps in getting strong edge responses. Code Generations: LDN code is generated by analyzing each edge response of mask in its ( M0M7), particular direction. The noticeable darker and brighter areas are indicated by the highest positive and negative values. The noticeable darker and brighter regions are encoded based on the sign information. The positive directional number is coded as MSB of the code and the 3 LSB bits are negative directional numbers The LDN code is represented as, LDN(x, y) = 8ix,y+ jx,y(1) Where, (x, y) is coded central pixel of neighbourhood., ix,y is maximum positive response directional number, jx,y is maximum negative response directional number Classifier: SVM classifier is used to recognize the facial expressions and it also increases the accuracy of the facial expression recognition. It is used to calculate the perrformance of LDN method. It not only used for data mapping but it helps in making the binary decision. The proposed LDN method used directional numbers which helps in encoding the structure of face textures in efficient manner.it produces a compact code by using the sign information that is more reliable against noise, to encode dissimilar patterns of face textures. The compass masks used gives better results in obtaining the edge responses and smothen the code to overcome illumination variations. When compared with LBP and LDiP the LDN recognition rate is better in presence of noise and illumination changes.

The Imagery of Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Imagery of Othello Talks  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In the tragedy Othello the Bard of Avon uses imagery to talk between the lines, to set moods, to create a more dramatic impact on the mind of the audience, and for other reasons. Let’s consider imagery in this essay.    A surprising, zoo-like variety of animal injury occur throughout the play. Kenneth Muir, in the Introduction to William Shakespeare: Othello,   explains the conversion of Othello through his increased use of animal imagery:    Those who have written on the imagery of the play have shown how the hold Iago has over Othello is illustrated by the language Shakespeare puts into their mouths. Both characters use a great deal of animal imagery, and it is interesting to note its distribution. Iago’s occurs mostly in the first three Acts of the play: he mentions, for example, ass, daws, flies, ram, jennet, guinea-hen, baboon, wild-cat, snipe, goats, monkeys, monster and wolves. Othello, on the other hand, who makes no use of animal imagery in the first two Acts of the play, catches the trick from Iago in Acts III and IV. The fondness of both characters for mentioning repulsive animals and insects is one way by which Shakespeare shows the corruption of the Moor’s mind by his subordinate. (21-22)    Just how strong a force is the imagery in this drama? Is it more powerful than the chorus in ancient Greek tragedy? H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses the influence of the imagery of the play:    It has indeed been suggested that the logic of events in the play and of Othello’s relation to them implies Othello’s damnation, and that the implication is pressed home with particular power in the imagery.... ...enhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Heilman, Robert B. â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello.† Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10; and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.      

National Tv Turn-off Week: A Dumb Idea :: essays research papers

National TV Turn-Off Week: A Dumb Idea   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a time when millions of people are starving each year and thousands are killed in war zones, worrying about how much television we watch sounds like a stupid idea. Right? Well, that's what people all across North America are doing every day. In fact, there is a full week dedicated to the cause: National T.V-Turnoff Week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  National T.V-Turnoff week is nothing more then a cry for attention by the middle class. The lower classes have their problems: starvation, health, shelter. You know, no big deal. But what of the middle class? They have no problems. They have a house, a job, usually a loving family. What don't they have? What they don't have is something to worry about. So, along comes Linda Weltner and National T.V-Turnoff Week. Problem solved. The middle class now has something to worry about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For years people have been watching television and no complaints have been made. No complaints about the endless information that comes from television. No complaints about the hours of entertainment that television has brought to people for years. But now people complain that we, as a people, are watching too much T.V. They would have you believe that we could be doing better things with our lives. They would have you believe that we can make more out of ourselves. But what do they know? Have they ever done any research to prove their theories? No, they haven't. But the people behind such propaganda as National T.V-Turnoff Week really do believe that not watching television can enhance your life, so let us examine their reasoning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Linda Weltner suggests that instead of watching television one can take up a craft such a knitting. Sure knitting is a good hobby. Entertaining, enjoyable, it might even relieve stress. But when it comes down to it what do you really get out of knitting that you wouldn't get out of watching television? A sweater, maybe? Sure, you might just knit a sweater that you could wear on the odd occasion, but is that worth the price of not being in touch with the world? Not to the average person in this world and time. In this age of beepers, cell- phones, and the Internet, being out of touch for just a minute could change your life drastically. And, besides, why can't you watch television while you knit?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for the people that say television warps a young mind, I have a personal beef against that reasoning. Coming over to Canada as a little immigrant child, not speaking a word of English, I was outcast by society.

Achieving Goals in The Corrections by Johnathan Franzen Essay -- essay

Jonathan Franzen is the author of many books such as The Twenty-Seventh City and Strong Motion. He is probably best known for his book, The Corrections. This book mainly explores a variety of themes such as adversity and resilience, family unity and coming of age. The main characters are members of the Lambert family, who live in the Mid-West. Although each character is at a different stage of their lives, all of them are going through hardship. Gary, the eldest son, is the only child with a family of his own. By taking on most of the responsibilities, Gary is having trouble running his own family while experiencing clinical depression. Chip, the middle child, lost his job as a university professor and is working for a criminal warlord in order to make a living. Furthermore, the parents of these children are facing difficult time trying to reunite the family. Enid, the mother, suffers from harassment and distress in an attempt to bring all her children home for one last Christmas. Al though the situation seems abnormal, it can actually be seen to be that of a typical family in America. In his novel The Corrections, Jonathan Franzen uses point of view to reveal that everyone can achieve their goals despite of their difficulties. Although Gary appears to have a clear vision of his life, it is through the use of his and other characters’ point of view that Gary’s ability to achieve his goal in spite of his difficulties is shown. One of Gary’s main problems is his clinical depression. For instance, when Gary’s wife says to him: â€Å"I’m tired of living with a depressed old man,† (Franzen, 184) Gary knows that he is going to have trouble bringing his family back to St. Jude. With disapproval from two of his sons and wife, Gary feels that... ...her goal regardless of other people’s criticism. Once again, through the use of point of view, the author reveals that goals can be achieved despite difficulties. As it can be seen, Jonathan Franzen’s use of characters’ perspectives reveals that everyone’s objectives can be met in spite of their obstacles. Point of view is one of the best ways to express a character’s difficulties as readers can gain insight to his/her thoughts and feelings. At the same time, it is also possible to show a barrier that one faces through another person’s point of view. Whether it is a mother who has little control over her family, a son that takes advantage of his father’s paten, or a man who has lack of vision about life, everyone has common aims. There are many barriers that distance people from their dreams, but difficulties will always be part of the journey to reach one’s goal

Employment Rights and Responsibilities Essay

1.1 Below is a list of the aspects of employment covered by law: Minimum wage Hours worked Discrimination Health and safety Holiday entitlements Redundancy and dismissal Training Disciplinary procedures Union rights and consultation Maternity leave Read more: List the aspects of employment covered by law essay 1.2 Below is a list of the main features of current employment legislation Employment Act 1996 Equalities and Discrimination laws Employment Act 2008 Health and safety legislation at work Act 1974 1.3 Why do legislation relating to employment exists? The reason employment law exist is to stop the exploitation of workers by their employers, and to ensure that the employees rights are being followed. If these law didn’t exists them employer would be took advantage of and may not be treated correctly and fairly. The laws cover all aspects that could arise, weither this involves age, gender, disability. The laws protect employees from unfair bosses. if there wasn’t laws then there would be no rules, and companies could do whatever they want. These legislation are also in place to support employers. 1.4 Below are sources and types of information and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities and rights: There are many places you can get information from these could include: †¢Web sites †¢Books †¢Colleagues †¢Manager †¢Information leaflets †¢Citizens Advice Bureau †¢unions 2.1 Describe the terms and conditions of own contract of employment My contract of employment covers Job Location, as regards to where I am based in my employment. A job description, which describes the duties and responsibilities of my role as a care assistant , Probationary period, this confirms length of probationary period which is 3 month then a full contract will be offered , it will include what is expected of me within that period and also what happens at the end of the probationary period. A description of how much I will be paid, any possible pay raises dependant on gaining certain qualifications. Payroll procedures, this describes how I will be paid, how often and when I will be paid, pay slip information, about the company’s rights to make deductions if over paid or if you left and owed holiday/money for training or CRB. It will also include information about Hours, this is information on hours I am expected to do and break entitlements. It will describe my holiday entitlement, how to book it and when the leave year commences and ends. It will also include information on length of notice needed to terminate employment by myself or company. It includes information on training states that I am required to attend mandatory training and about the possibilities of further training. Sickness arrangements, details the procedure to follow if I am ill and statutory sick pay entitlements. Confidentiality is included explain the need for  confidentiality due to sensitive nature of the business whilst working and after leaving. Data protection, informs of the need for the company to hold personal information on you. 2.2 Describe the information shown on our own pay statement There is a lot of information shown on your pay statement, the amount of wage before any deduction (gross wage) and also your wage after deductions, the amount of tax and national insurance you have paid, your pay statement will also include your national insurance number, your tax code, your pay rate and also any additional information regarding your pay for example sick pay, holiday pay and over time. 2.3 The procedure to follow in event of a grievance When you have a grievance, you should write to your employer giving them details of your grievance. Include in your letter how you would like your employer to resolve the problem. Date the letter and keep a copy for yourself. Your employer should arrange an initial meeting to discuss your grievance. The main purpose of the meeting should be to establish the facts and find a way to resolve the problem. You have a legal right to take a representative to the meeting with you. To exercise this right, you must make a request to your employer that someone comes with you. Your representative could be, a colleague, union official, or solicitor. After the meeting your employer should, without unreasonable delay, write to you with their decision. They should set out, where appropriate, what action they intend to take to resolve the grievance. 2.4 Identify the personal information that must be kept up to date with own employer There are several things that must be kept up to date with your employer these include: †¢ Name †¢ Address †¢ next of kin †¢ contact number †¢ Education and qualifications 1. List the types of information that are held on your personal record and say why you think they are needed Data an employer can keep about an employee includes: Name Address Date of birth Sex Education and qualifications Work experience National Insurance number Tax code Details of any known disability Emergency contact details They will also keep details about an employee such as: Employment history with the organisation Employment terms and conditions Any accidents connected with work Any training taken Any disciplinary action 2. Who should you inform if you are changing your personal details? You should always keep your employer informed of any changes in your personal details so that their records are up to date and correct, if you have a change in personal details you should inform your manager as soon as  possible so that they information they have for you is correct, this is very important in case of an emergency. 3. How should your records be stored and who has a right to see them? Your personal records should be stored safely and securely they should be locked away so that no one can read them, if they are stored on a computer the computer should be password protected. Only your employer and yourself have a right to see your personal records unless you give permission for other people to see them. 2.5 Explain agreed ways of working with employer The agreed ways of working are the codes and policies provided by the employer for the care worker to follow these will include legislation, codes of conducts and employer’s policies and procedures that all care workers should follow when working in a care home setting. It is the responsibility of the care workers to work within the policy guidelines provided and also to ensuring that they are working at the standard expected of them, it is a legal requirement to follow policies and procedures.

Shewin Case

PA402: Employment Law Unit 3: The Employment Relationship – Shewin Memorandum Your Course Project: Read About the Shewin Memorandum Throughout the course, you will work on the Shewin Memorandum. Your first step is to become acquainted with Ms. Shewin and the fact pattern. Ima Shewin is a 45-year-old African-American woman with advanced degrees in English and journalism from the University of Chicago. She has been employed by The Blabber, a newspaper in Atlanta, Georgia, for 10 years.She started as an entrylevel researcher. Two years later, she was promoted to a junior-level reporter position, and two years after that, to a senior-level reporter position. She has now been a senior-level reporter for the last six years. During the first eight years of her employment, Shewin reported to George Doright. Two years ago, The Blabber reorganized, and Doright was moved to another division in the company. Since then, Shewin has reported to Arthur King, The Blabber's senior editor.Follow ing the reorganization, two editors have retired. Although Shewin applied for these positions, they were not offered to her. In fact, she was only invited to interview for one of the positions, although she believes she met the qualifications for both. Last month, she applied for a junior-editor position she has been after for several years now. Based upon the qualifications that were identified in the job's classified ad, she felt she was a shoo-in. She applied and was interviewed. The interview with Mr.King did not go as well as she had hoped. The interview took place over lunch in a restaurant. King started out the conversation by engaging in seemingly harmless social banter, but Shewin was uncomfortable with his personal questions about her relationship with her boyfriend. A few weeks after the interview, the company announced that it was hiring Gene Whiz, someone from outside the company. Whiz is 26 years old and recently earned a master's degree in journalism from the Universi ty of Chicago.He has worked as a reporter for a small local newspaper. Shewin believes a number of factors may have been held against her. For example, only three women are in the upper levels of management, and all were promoted prior to the reorganization. King was not involved in the promotion decisions for any of the three women. King has a reputation for making sexist comments, which several women in the company find offensive, as do a number of men. For example, he described one pregnant reporter as barefoot and pregnant. † He has also asked Shewin out to â€Å"discuss business,† invitations that she has declined. She feels that rejecting him may have something to do with her not getting the job. Another possible factor is that there are only five African-American senior managers in the company. Shewin has heard through the rumor mill that Whiz is part AfricanAmerican. Also, prior to Mr. Doright's transfer, Shewin filed a complaint against some of her male colleag ues.Apparently the men whose cubicles were surrounding Shewin's area had a habit of discussing their weekend dates in graphic detail on Monday mornings. Although they did not make these comments directly to Shewin, the conversations PA402: Employment Law Unit 3: The Employment Relationship – Shewin Memorandum were quite loud and she overheard them regularly. After several months of hoping they would stop, Shewin brought this matter to Mr. Doright, who sternly told the employees to stop such behavior.However, since Arthur King became the senior manager, her coworkers have reverted to their old behavior, and King has taken no action against them, despite Shewin's repeated complaints to him. In fact, Shewin has observed King laughing at the conversations as he walked by. He did not, however, participate in the conversations. Finally, Shewin is more than 40 years old and has concerns that she may be getting passed over because of her age. A friend of hers overheard King talking t o another senior manager, speculating as to when Shewin would finally retire.

Sapakin Kita Diyan

Table of Contents Title Pagei Table of Contentsii Brief History/Background of the Company/Company Profile1 Summary of the OJT Experience5 Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program9 New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired12 Theories actually seen in practice17 Feedback that can be given to the company/hotel/restaurant20 Benefits gained Problems encountered23 Appendices A. Company brochure and/or pamphlet25 B. Copy of the Endorsement Letter26 C. Copy of the Training Plan27 D. Copy of the signed Waiver Form28 E. Daily Time Record29 F.Quarterly Performance Appraisal Forms30 G. Certificate of Completion31 Brief History/Background of the Company/Company Profile Link Network Solutions Inc. is a formed corporation engage in all computer related consumables and parts. We aspire to give exceptional service by providing your needs in Printer Consumables; Toner, Ink Cartridges, Ribbons of all brands OKI, HP, CANON, SAMSUNG, EPSON, BROTHER, LEXMARK, FUJI XERORX. We also offer Office Equipment ’s: Printer, laminator, shredder, Fax machine, Copier, Computer and accessories among office and computer supplies.We guaranty that we can give you fulfilling commitment in our business with you, improve business practices, and ensure, reliable, secure our product to be delivered just on time. Above all, we value our client’s partnerships by guaranteeing complete customer satisfaction, and we will always provide our partners with the highest level of service and professionalism Summary of the OJT/Experience Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program New knowledge, attitudes and skills acquired There are many knowledge, attitudes and skills acquired being an on the job training in Link Network Solutions Inc.I know how to setup and install high end printers. I know how to troubleshoot a printer. On attitude I must go to office early don’t be late. If you want to be absent tell the manager or any high staff so they know it early. Be honest and trustworthy. Being a tra inee is not only a subject to be passed or a requirement to be complete but on the job training is an opportunity to show what skills, talents and techniques that the student learned from the school and also opportunity to experience life outside the campus; serving companies like a professional on the field of students specialization. Theories actually seen in practiceFeedback that can be given to the company/hotel/restaurant I. Introduction I decided to have my on the job training at Link Network Solution Inc. at 5700 Pagulayan St. Poblacion, Makati City. It’s a little bit far from Cubao but I have no choice because I really have a hard time searching for a company where I can have my on the job training with. Good thing my classmate has a connections on one of the head of that company and luckily, me together with my two other classmate happened to start out our on the job training there. The Link Network Solution Inc. is the fourth company that we had applied.We first sub mitted our resume to POEA, SSS East Ave and PLDT Mandaluyong, but none of those companies had entertained our application maybe because they already have their chosen applicant or it may either be because we applied late. I started my on the job training on Jan 2013. It is from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm from Monday to Friday. II. PERSONAL ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING FROM THE COMPANY A. Cognitive or Intellectual Learning  I’ve learned a lot from the job given to me. I know how to setup a printer, troubleshoot, and deliver an item to a customer. I learned the daily routine inside the office. I also earned how to make a receipt when we deliver some items for our customer. Sometimes I voluntarily deliver when no one is available to do it. I learned every supply or item that we delivered it always have a receipt. I know how to go in different places riding jeeps and other transportation. B. Affective or Emotional Learning  I  learned how to love my job and all the staffs. I learned to a ppreciate the work given to me. I was so dedicated that I do all my best to give correct service but sometimes there were errors. I also experience that the manager get a little bit mad at us when we are absent.For the staffs, they were so kind and friendly and I never experience â€Å"out-of-place† there. They treated us like a family. I remembered what the manager said to us, â€Å"If we are in work, we work. If we are on outside, we’re friends. †Ã‚  Ã‚  I always put that in mind and  I became closer to my manager, supervisors and staffs. C. Psychomotor or Physical Learning  I noticed a lot of improvement on me. I became flexible. I also noticed that I became faster in moving. III. RECOMMENDATIONS a. For myself – I must recommend to me that I must omit my tardiness because coming early is really important in the job.I must be ready for all the work that they will give to me because I accept being an on the job applicant from their company. b. For OJ T Company  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ I recommend that they place OJT students nearer on the branch where they live, in order to avoid hassle in travelling. Also in scheduling of time. They must give students earlier schedules in order to go home early especially for those who travel from far places. c. For OJT Program  I recommend that they must put OJT programs at the earlier years in order to expose students at an early time and to learn the concepts and hands-on training in our industry.They should treat each on the job applicant equally. IV. AREAS TO IMPROVE A. About Self  I think I must improve my time management. Sometimes I came late especially on Friday because I must report in school B. For the OJT Company  I think they must improve the scheduling of time of their OJT students in order to go home early especially for those who travel from far places. C. For the OJT Program  I think they must improve the OJT program because I felt that we were late on having OJT. We have co-OJT stu dents in other schools and they were only 2nd  year and yet they were having an OJT.Benefits gained Problems encountered We are an On the Job Training in a company that focuses on printers so these are the problems that I encountered during our time there. A. Paper Jam If a Kyocera printer has been properly maintained, most paper jam problems are directly related to the paper that is being used. Although this is never the answer anyone wants to hear, it is the most overlooked component and the simplest to remedy. If persistent jamming is the problem, the first test would be to remove all of the paper in the printer and replace it with paper from a new ream, or of a different manufacturer.Check the label on the new package of paper to verify the paper meets Kyocera's specifications. Grain structure is very important. Short grain paper will cause frequent jams. Always use long grain paper. Most paper is manufactured to have a top side and a bottom side. This has something to do with grain structure and the natural curl of paper. Try flipping the supply of paper over. This will test the â€Å"curl† in case the paper was put into the printer upside-down. If all of these methods do not alleviate the problem, the problem is probably mechanical.Refer to the remaining questions on paper jamming. First check the paper and shuffle it properly. Second if the paper is stock inside the printer. Easily open the printer tray and remove the specific paper that is jammed. B. Blurred Letters Check if there still a toner, remove the drum and shake it and you will know if it’s empty or not. Check also at the report from the printer and print the status page. C. Poor print quality Check the drum if it’s dirty or there’s something in there. If the drum is dirty clean it. Check also the printers’ charger; if it’s dirty clean it. D.There’s a line on the text Check first the drum of the printer; it its dirty clean it. Check the Fuser Kit if it does have a scratch or have a defect you must change it. E. Empty Toner The toner is empty. The toner needs to be change. F. Invalid Cartridge The programmed chipset is done. G. Routine Maintenance The Charger in the printer needs to be change. The benefits that I gained from our company. We gained so many benefits as an on the job training in Link Network Solutions Inc. We know how to setup and troubleshoot a high-end printer. A. Company brochure and/or pamphlet