Recognition of Facial Emotions Using LDN Pattern

Recognition of Facial Emotions Using LDN Pattern RECOGNITION OF FACIAL EMOTIONS USING LDN PATTERN P. Ajay Kumar Reddy1, Dr S.G Hiremath2, Dr M.N GiriPrasad3, Dr G.N Kodanda Ramaiah4 1Research Scholar, Dept of ECE, KEC/JNTUA, Kuppam,A.P,India. 3Professor, Dept of ECE, JNTU,Ananthapuramu ,A.P,India. 2,4Professor, Dept of ECE, Kuppam Engineering College, Kuppam,A.P,India. Abstract A novel LDN pattern is proposed for facial expression recognition. LDN extracts the local features from a face which is used for face analysis and facial expression recognition. It computes the directional data of face textures into a compact code. Here compass masks are used to find the directional data which helps in distinguishing the homogenous structural patterns which helps in evaluating intensity variations. Experimental results show that the LDN method provides better results with reasonably low error rates. Keywords LDN pattern, Local Directional number pattern, feature vectors, expression recognition, face descriptor, face recognition, feature, image descriptor, local pattern. à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿ Face recognition is widely accepted for image analysis and pattern recognition. Its significance has increased in the last decade because of its application in commercial and law enforcement. Although a plethora of research was carried to overcome the disadvantages of facial recognition system but still a lot of problems persist. The most challenging work in any facial expression recognition system is to find the face vector. The aim of identifying a face vector is to find an efficient way of representing facial images which provides robustness in recognition process. There are two approaches proposed to extract facial features in any expression recognition system. Geometric feature based Appearance based method In geometric feature method, the location and shape of different facial features are combined to form a feature vector which represents a face, whereas in appearance-based system applies image filters on whole face or some specific regions of face to extract expression changes in face image. Geometric feature method requires reliable facial features which is a hurdle to accustom in lot of situations. On the other hand, performance of appearance-based methods is degraded due to environmental variations. The proposed LDN method will robustly identify the facial expressions under various variations like sad, anger, happy, disgust, etc. à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿ There are several techniques used in holistic class like fisherfaces and eigenfaces which are developed on PCA method. Although they are widely used their limitations to illumination and variations in poses causes a great concern in facial recognition system. Kotsia et al. [2] proposed an expression recognition system in sequences of facial images. Heisele et al. discussed about the legitimacy of the component-based methods. They expressed the face into one descriptor by extracting and computing local features from different parts of face. Zhang et al.[3] used the higher order local derivatives to get better results than LBP method. In order to overcome illumination variations and noise problems they used other information rather than depending on intensity levels. Donato et al. done a comprehensive analysis on different algorithms like LFA, PCA, Gabor wavelets, ICA to represent face images for facial expression recognition. Among them Gabor wavelet and ICA achieved the best performance. Shan c et al. presented robust LBP as feature descriptor in facial expression recognition. Though LBP is efficient in computations and robust to monotonic illumination change, its performance degrades in presence of random noise. The proposed framework for facial expression recognition is as described below. In the first stage a trained dataset is created with several facial expressions like fear, anger, sad, joy, happy, disgust etc. several preprocessing techniques are applied on these images. Then various features are extracted from face and its edges are perceived using Gaussian derivative and Kirsch masking. These features are classified and normalized using SVM classifiers. When a test image is given for recognition it is compared to the dataset and accurate images are recognized. Finally all the test results obtained are analyzed. Figure:1 Block Diagram Of LDN LDN Framework: The LDN pattern is a binary code of 6 bits assigned to each pixel of an input face image that represents the texture structures and transitions in intensity levels. The existing technique reveals that the edge magnitudes are not sensitive to lighting variations. Here we generate a pattern by using a compass mask which computes the neighborhood edge responses by utilizing the positive and negative values of those edge responses. A valuable data of the neighborhood structure is provided by the positive and negative values. These values reveal the gradient direction if the bright and dark areas in the neighborhood. The information of the neighborhood structure is provided by the positive and negative responses because the disclose the gradient path of bright and dark areas in neighborhood. The LDN generates a 6bit code every instance whenever the positive and negative responses are swapped. By using a compass mask we can compute the threshold responses in the neighborhood in 8 different directions which helps in generating a semantic descriptor for numerous textures with uniform structural pattern. Dataset The dataset images which are used for the research work are lively recorded which depict various facial expressions like anger, joy, disgust, sad, fear and happiness. Figure:2 Dataset Pre-Processing Different processing techniques are used on input images. Here kirsch masking is used for calculating edge responses. It basically extracts response in edges and rotates 45 degrees apart to obtain mask in 8 directions. A derivative Gaussian mask is used to smooth the code which helps in overcoming the illumination changes and noise. This helps in getting strong edge responses. Code Generations: LDN code is generated by analyzing each edge response of mask in its ( M0M7), particular direction. The noticeable darker and brighter areas are indicated by the highest positive and negative values. The noticeable darker and brighter regions are encoded based on the sign information. The positive directional number is coded as MSB of the code and the 3 LSB bits are negative directional numbers The LDN code is represented as, LDN(x, y) = 8ix,y+ jx,y(1) Where, (x, y) is coded central pixel of neighbourhood., ix,y is maximum positive response directional number, jx,y is maximum negative response directional number Classifier: SVM classifier is used to recognize the facial expressions and it also increases the accuracy of the facial expression recognition. It is used to calculate the perrformance of LDN method. It not only used for data mapping but it helps in making the binary decision. The proposed LDN method used directional numbers which helps in encoding the structure of face textures in efficient manner.it produces a compact code by using the sign information that is more reliable against noise, to encode dissimilar patterns of face textures. The compass masks used gives better results in obtaining the edge responses and smothen the code to overcome illumination variations. When compared with LBP and LDiP the LDN recognition rate is better in presence of noise and illumination changes.

The Imagery of Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Imagery of Othello Talks  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In the tragedy Othello the Bard of Avon uses imagery to talk between the lines, to set moods, to create a more dramatic impact on the mind of the audience, and for other reasons. Let’s consider imagery in this essay.    A surprising, zoo-like variety of animal injury occur throughout the play. Kenneth Muir, in the Introduction to William Shakespeare: Othello,   explains the conversion of Othello through his increased use of animal imagery:    Those who have written on the imagery of the play have shown how the hold Iago has over Othello is illustrated by the language Shakespeare puts into their mouths. Both characters use a great deal of animal imagery, and it is interesting to note its distribution. Iago’s occurs mostly in the first three Acts of the play: he mentions, for example, ass, daws, flies, ram, jennet, guinea-hen, baboon, wild-cat, snipe, goats, monkeys, monster and wolves. Othello, on the other hand, who makes no use of animal imagery in the first two Acts of the play, catches the trick from Iago in Acts III and IV. The fondness of both characters for mentioning repulsive animals and insects is one way by which Shakespeare shows the corruption of the Moor’s mind by his subordinate. (21-22)    Just how strong a force is the imagery in this drama? Is it more powerful than the chorus in ancient Greek tragedy? H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses the influence of the imagery of the play:    It has indeed been suggested that the logic of events in the play and of Othello’s relation to them implies Othello’s damnation, and that the implication is pressed home with particular power in the imagery.... ...enhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Heilman, Robert B. â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello.† Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10; and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.      

National Tv Turn-off Week: A Dumb Idea :: essays research papers

National TV Turn-Off Week: A Dumb Idea   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a time when millions of people are starving each year and thousands are killed in war zones, worrying about how much television we watch sounds like a stupid idea. Right? Well, that's what people all across North America are doing every day. In fact, there is a full week dedicated to the cause: National T.V-Turnoff Week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  National T.V-Turnoff week is nothing more then a cry for attention by the middle class. The lower classes have their problems: starvation, health, shelter. You know, no big deal. But what of the middle class? They have no problems. They have a house, a job, usually a loving family. What don't they have? What they don't have is something to worry about. So, along comes Linda Weltner and National T.V-Turnoff Week. Problem solved. The middle class now has something to worry about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For years people have been watching television and no complaints have been made. No complaints about the endless information that comes from television. No complaints about the hours of entertainment that television has brought to people for years. But now people complain that we, as a people, are watching too much T.V. They would have you believe that we could be doing better things with our lives. They would have you believe that we can make more out of ourselves. But what do they know? Have they ever done any research to prove their theories? No, they haven't. But the people behind such propaganda as National T.V-Turnoff Week really do believe that not watching television can enhance your life, so let us examine their reasoning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Linda Weltner suggests that instead of watching television one can take up a craft such a knitting. Sure knitting is a good hobby. Entertaining, enjoyable, it might even relieve stress. But when it comes down to it what do you really get out of knitting that you wouldn't get out of watching television? A sweater, maybe? Sure, you might just knit a sweater that you could wear on the odd occasion, but is that worth the price of not being in touch with the world? Not to the average person in this world and time. In this age of beepers, cell- phones, and the Internet, being out of touch for just a minute could change your life drastically. And, besides, why can't you watch television while you knit?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for the people that say television warps a young mind, I have a personal beef against that reasoning. Coming over to Canada as a little immigrant child, not speaking a word of English, I was outcast by society.

Achieving Goals in The Corrections by Johnathan Franzen Essay -- essay

Jonathan Franzen is the author of many books such as The Twenty-Seventh City and Strong Motion. He is probably best known for his book, The Corrections. This book mainly explores a variety of themes such as adversity and resilience, family unity and coming of age. The main characters are members of the Lambert family, who live in the Mid-West. Although each character is at a different stage of their lives, all of them are going through hardship. Gary, the eldest son, is the only child with a family of his own. By taking on most of the responsibilities, Gary is having trouble running his own family while experiencing clinical depression. Chip, the middle child, lost his job as a university professor and is working for a criminal warlord in order to make a living. Furthermore, the parents of these children are facing difficult time trying to reunite the family. Enid, the mother, suffers from harassment and distress in an attempt to bring all her children home for one last Christmas. Al though the situation seems abnormal, it can actually be seen to be that of a typical family in America. In his novel The Corrections, Jonathan Franzen uses point of view to reveal that everyone can achieve their goals despite of their difficulties. Although Gary appears to have a clear vision of his life, it is through the use of his and other characters’ point of view that Gary’s ability to achieve his goal in spite of his difficulties is shown. One of Gary’s main problems is his clinical depression. For instance, when Gary’s wife says to him: â€Å"I’m tired of living with a depressed old man,† (Franzen, 184) Gary knows that he is going to have trouble bringing his family back to St. Jude. With disapproval from two of his sons and wife, Gary feels that... ...her goal regardless of other people’s criticism. Once again, through the use of point of view, the author reveals that goals can be achieved despite difficulties. As it can be seen, Jonathan Franzen’s use of characters’ perspectives reveals that everyone’s objectives can be met in spite of their obstacles. Point of view is one of the best ways to express a character’s difficulties as readers can gain insight to his/her thoughts and feelings. At the same time, it is also possible to show a barrier that one faces through another person’s point of view. Whether it is a mother who has little control over her family, a son that takes advantage of his father’s paten, or a man who has lack of vision about life, everyone has common aims. There are many barriers that distance people from their dreams, but difficulties will always be part of the journey to reach one’s goal

Employment Rights and Responsibilities Essay

1.1 Below is a list of the aspects of employment covered by law: Minimum wage Hours worked Discrimination Health and safety Holiday entitlements Redundancy and dismissal Training Disciplinary procedures Union rights and consultation Maternity leave Read more: List the aspects of employment covered by law essay 1.2 Below is a list of the main features of current employment legislation Employment Act 1996 Equalities and Discrimination laws Employment Act 2008 Health and safety legislation at work Act 1974 1.3 Why do legislation relating to employment exists? The reason employment law exist is to stop the exploitation of workers by their employers, and to ensure that the employees rights are being followed. If these law didn’t exists them employer would be took advantage of and may not be treated correctly and fairly. The laws cover all aspects that could arise, weither this involves age, gender, disability. The laws protect employees from unfair bosses. if there wasn’t laws then there would be no rules, and companies could do whatever they want. These legislation are also in place to support employers. 1.4 Below are sources and types of information and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities and rights: There are many places you can get information from these could include: †¢Web sites †¢Books †¢Colleagues †¢Manager †¢Information leaflets †¢Citizens Advice Bureau †¢unions 2.1 Describe the terms and conditions of own contract of employment My contract of employment covers Job Location, as regards to where I am based in my employment. A job description, which describes the duties and responsibilities of my role as a care assistant , Probationary period, this confirms length of probationary period which is 3 month then a full contract will be offered , it will include what is expected of me within that period and also what happens at the end of the probationary period. A description of how much I will be paid, any possible pay raises dependant on gaining certain qualifications. Payroll procedures, this describes how I will be paid, how often and when I will be paid, pay slip information, about the company’s rights to make deductions if over paid or if you left and owed holiday/money for training or CRB. It will also include information about Hours, this is information on hours I am expected to do and break entitlements. It will describe my holiday entitlement, how to book it and when the leave year commences and ends. It will also include information on length of notice needed to terminate employment by myself or company. It includes information on training states that I am required to attend mandatory training and about the possibilities of further training. Sickness arrangements, details the procedure to follow if I am ill and statutory sick pay entitlements. Confidentiality is included explain the need for  confidentiality due to sensitive nature of the business whilst working and after leaving. Data protection, informs of the need for the company to hold personal information on you. 2.2 Describe the information shown on our own pay statement There is a lot of information shown on your pay statement, the amount of wage before any deduction (gross wage) and also your wage after deductions, the amount of tax and national insurance you have paid, your pay statement will also include your national insurance number, your tax code, your pay rate and also any additional information regarding your pay for example sick pay, holiday pay and over time. 2.3 The procedure to follow in event of a grievance When you have a grievance, you should write to your employer giving them details of your grievance. Include in your letter how you would like your employer to resolve the problem. Date the letter and keep a copy for yourself. Your employer should arrange an initial meeting to discuss your grievance. The main purpose of the meeting should be to establish the facts and find a way to resolve the problem. You have a legal right to take a representative to the meeting with you. To exercise this right, you must make a request to your employer that someone comes with you. Your representative could be, a colleague, union official, or solicitor. After the meeting your employer should, without unreasonable delay, write to you with their decision. They should set out, where appropriate, what action they intend to take to resolve the grievance. 2.4 Identify the personal information that must be kept up to date with own employer There are several things that must be kept up to date with your employer these include: †¢ Name †¢ Address †¢ next of kin †¢ contact number †¢ Education and qualifications 1. List the types of information that are held on your personal record and say why you think they are needed Data an employer can keep about an employee includes: Name Address Date of birth Sex Education and qualifications Work experience National Insurance number Tax code Details of any known disability Emergency contact details They will also keep details about an employee such as: Employment history with the organisation Employment terms and conditions Any accidents connected with work Any training taken Any disciplinary action 2. Who should you inform if you are changing your personal details? You should always keep your employer informed of any changes in your personal details so that their records are up to date and correct, if you have a change in personal details you should inform your manager as soon as  possible so that they information they have for you is correct, this is very important in case of an emergency. 3. How should your records be stored and who has a right to see them? Your personal records should be stored safely and securely they should be locked away so that no one can read them, if they are stored on a computer the computer should be password protected. Only your employer and yourself have a right to see your personal records unless you give permission for other people to see them. 2.5 Explain agreed ways of working with employer The agreed ways of working are the codes and policies provided by the employer for the care worker to follow these will include legislation, codes of conducts and employer’s policies and procedures that all care workers should follow when working in a care home setting. It is the responsibility of the care workers to work within the policy guidelines provided and also to ensuring that they are working at the standard expected of them, it is a legal requirement to follow policies and procedures.

Shewin Case

PA402: Employment Law Unit 3: The Employment Relationship – Shewin Memorandum Your Course Project: Read About the Shewin Memorandum Throughout the course, you will work on the Shewin Memorandum. Your first step is to become acquainted with Ms. Shewin and the fact pattern. Ima Shewin is a 45-year-old African-American woman with advanced degrees in English and journalism from the University of Chicago. She has been employed by The Blabber, a newspaper in Atlanta, Georgia, for 10 years.She started as an entrylevel researcher. Two years later, she was promoted to a junior-level reporter position, and two years after that, to a senior-level reporter position. She has now been a senior-level reporter for the last six years. During the first eight years of her employment, Shewin reported to George Doright. Two years ago, The Blabber reorganized, and Doright was moved to another division in the company. Since then, Shewin has reported to Arthur King, The Blabber's senior editor.Follow ing the reorganization, two editors have retired. Although Shewin applied for these positions, they were not offered to her. In fact, she was only invited to interview for one of the positions, although she believes she met the qualifications for both. Last month, she applied for a junior-editor position she has been after for several years now. Based upon the qualifications that were identified in the job's classified ad, she felt she was a shoo-in. She applied and was interviewed. The interview with Mr.King did not go as well as she had hoped. The interview took place over lunch in a restaurant. King started out the conversation by engaging in seemingly harmless social banter, but Shewin was uncomfortable with his personal questions about her relationship with her boyfriend. A few weeks after the interview, the company announced that it was hiring Gene Whiz, someone from outside the company. Whiz is 26 years old and recently earned a master's degree in journalism from the Universi ty of Chicago.He has worked as a reporter for a small local newspaper. Shewin believes a number of factors may have been held against her. For example, only three women are in the upper levels of management, and all were promoted prior to the reorganization. King was not involved in the promotion decisions for any of the three women. King has a reputation for making sexist comments, which several women in the company find offensive, as do a number of men. For example, he described one pregnant reporter as barefoot and pregnant. † He has also asked Shewin out to â€Å"discuss business,† invitations that she has declined. She feels that rejecting him may have something to do with her not getting the job. Another possible factor is that there are only five African-American senior managers in the company. Shewin has heard through the rumor mill that Whiz is part AfricanAmerican. Also, prior to Mr. Doright's transfer, Shewin filed a complaint against some of her male colleag ues.Apparently the men whose cubicles were surrounding Shewin's area had a habit of discussing their weekend dates in graphic detail on Monday mornings. Although they did not make these comments directly to Shewin, the conversations PA402: Employment Law Unit 3: The Employment Relationship – Shewin Memorandum were quite loud and she overheard them regularly. After several months of hoping they would stop, Shewin brought this matter to Mr. Doright, who sternly told the employees to stop such behavior.However, since Arthur King became the senior manager, her coworkers have reverted to their old behavior, and King has taken no action against them, despite Shewin's repeated complaints to him. In fact, Shewin has observed King laughing at the conversations as he walked by. He did not, however, participate in the conversations. Finally, Shewin is more than 40 years old and has concerns that she may be getting passed over because of her age. A friend of hers overheard King talking t o another senior manager, speculating as to when Shewin would finally retire.

Sapakin Kita Diyan

Table of Contents Title Pagei Table of Contentsii Brief History/Background of the Company/Company Profile1 Summary of the OJT Experience5 Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program9 New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired12 Theories actually seen in practice17 Feedback that can be given to the company/hotel/restaurant20 Benefits gained Problems encountered23 Appendices A. Company brochure and/or pamphlet25 B. Copy of the Endorsement Letter26 C. Copy of the Training Plan27 D. Copy of the signed Waiver Form28 E. Daily Time Record29 F.Quarterly Performance Appraisal Forms30 G. Certificate of Completion31 Brief History/Background of the Company/Company Profile Link Network Solutions Inc. is a formed corporation engage in all computer related consumables and parts. We aspire to give exceptional service by providing your needs in Printer Consumables; Toner, Ink Cartridges, Ribbons of all brands OKI, HP, CANON, SAMSUNG, EPSON, BROTHER, LEXMARK, FUJI XERORX. We also offer Office Equipment ’s: Printer, laminator, shredder, Fax machine, Copier, Computer and accessories among office and computer supplies.We guaranty that we can give you fulfilling commitment in our business with you, improve business practices, and ensure, reliable, secure our product to be delivered just on time. Above all, we value our client’s partnerships by guaranteeing complete customer satisfaction, and we will always provide our partners with the highest level of service and professionalism Summary of the OJT/Experience Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program New knowledge, attitudes and skills acquired There are many knowledge, attitudes and skills acquired being an on the job training in Link Network Solutions Inc.I know how to setup and install high end printers. I know how to troubleshoot a printer. On attitude I must go to office early don’t be late. If you want to be absent tell the manager or any high staff so they know it early. Be honest and trustworthy. Being a tra inee is not only a subject to be passed or a requirement to be complete but on the job training is an opportunity to show what skills, talents and techniques that the student learned from the school and also opportunity to experience life outside the campus; serving companies like a professional on the field of students specialization. Theories actually seen in practiceFeedback that can be given to the company/hotel/restaurant I. Introduction I decided to have my on the job training at Link Network Solution Inc. at 5700 Pagulayan St. Poblacion, Makati City. It’s a little bit far from Cubao but I have no choice because I really have a hard time searching for a company where I can have my on the job training with. Good thing my classmate has a connections on one of the head of that company and luckily, me together with my two other classmate happened to start out our on the job training there. The Link Network Solution Inc. is the fourth company that we had applied.We first sub mitted our resume to POEA, SSS East Ave and PLDT Mandaluyong, but none of those companies had entertained our application maybe because they already have their chosen applicant or it may either be because we applied late. I started my on the job training on Jan 2013. It is from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm from Monday to Friday. II. PERSONAL ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING FROM THE COMPANY A. Cognitive or Intellectual Learning  I’ve learned a lot from the job given to me. I know how to setup a printer, troubleshoot, and deliver an item to a customer. I learned the daily routine inside the office. I also earned how to make a receipt when we deliver some items for our customer. Sometimes I voluntarily deliver when no one is available to do it. I learned every supply or item that we delivered it always have a receipt. I know how to go in different places riding jeeps and other transportation. B. Affective or Emotional Learning  I  learned how to love my job and all the staffs. I learned to a ppreciate the work given to me. I was so dedicated that I do all my best to give correct service but sometimes there were errors. I also experience that the manager get a little bit mad at us when we are absent.For the staffs, they were so kind and friendly and I never experience â€Å"out-of-place† there. They treated us like a family. I remembered what the manager said to us, â€Å"If we are in work, we work. If we are on outside, we’re friends. †Ã‚  Ã‚  I always put that in mind and  I became closer to my manager, supervisors and staffs. C. Psychomotor or Physical Learning  I noticed a lot of improvement on me. I became flexible. I also noticed that I became faster in moving. III. RECOMMENDATIONS a. For myself – I must recommend to me that I must omit my tardiness because coming early is really important in the job.I must be ready for all the work that they will give to me because I accept being an on the job applicant from their company. b. For OJ T Company  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ I recommend that they place OJT students nearer on the branch where they live, in order to avoid hassle in travelling. Also in scheduling of time. They must give students earlier schedules in order to go home early especially for those who travel from far places. c. For OJT Program  I recommend that they must put OJT programs at the earlier years in order to expose students at an early time and to learn the concepts and hands-on training in our industry.They should treat each on the job applicant equally. IV. AREAS TO IMPROVE A. About Self  I think I must improve my time management. Sometimes I came late especially on Friday because I must report in school B. For the OJT Company  I think they must improve the scheduling of time of their OJT students in order to go home early especially for those who travel from far places. C. For the OJT Program  I think they must improve the OJT program because I felt that we were late on having OJT. We have co-OJT stu dents in other schools and they were only 2nd  year and yet they were having an OJT.Benefits gained Problems encountered We are an On the Job Training in a company that focuses on printers so these are the problems that I encountered during our time there. A. Paper Jam If a Kyocera printer has been properly maintained, most paper jam problems are directly related to the paper that is being used. Although this is never the answer anyone wants to hear, it is the most overlooked component and the simplest to remedy. If persistent jamming is the problem, the first test would be to remove all of the paper in the printer and replace it with paper from a new ream, or of a different manufacturer.Check the label on the new package of paper to verify the paper meets Kyocera's specifications. Grain structure is very important. Short grain paper will cause frequent jams. Always use long grain paper. Most paper is manufactured to have a top side and a bottom side. This has something to do with grain structure and the natural curl of paper. Try flipping the supply of paper over. This will test the â€Å"curl† in case the paper was put into the printer upside-down. If all of these methods do not alleviate the problem, the problem is probably mechanical.Refer to the remaining questions on paper jamming. First check the paper and shuffle it properly. Second if the paper is stock inside the printer. Easily open the printer tray and remove the specific paper that is jammed. B. Blurred Letters Check if there still a toner, remove the drum and shake it and you will know if it’s empty or not. Check also at the report from the printer and print the status page. C. Poor print quality Check the drum if it’s dirty or there’s something in there. If the drum is dirty clean it. Check also the printers’ charger; if it’s dirty clean it. D.There’s a line on the text Check first the drum of the printer; it its dirty clean it. Check the Fuser Kit if it does have a scratch or have a defect you must change it. E. Empty Toner The toner is empty. The toner needs to be change. F. Invalid Cartridge The programmed chipset is done. G. Routine Maintenance The Charger in the printer needs to be change. The benefits that I gained from our company. We gained so many benefits as an on the job training in Link Network Solutions Inc. We know how to setup and troubleshoot a high-end printer. A. Company brochure and/or pamphlet